Lung function six months after severe COVID-19: Does time, in fact, heal all wounds?

ABSTRACT Background: COVID-19 has been associated with persistent symptoms and functional changes, especially in those surviving severe disease. Methods: We conducted a prospective multicenter study in patients with severe COVID-19 to determine respiratory sequelae. Patients were stratified into two groups: ward admission (WA) and intensive care unit (ICU) admission. In each follow-up visit, the patients where inquired about cough and dyspnea, and performed spirometry, lung volumes, carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and respiratory muscle strength (MIP and MEP). Results of pulmonary function tests at 45 days and 6 months after hospital admission were compared using paired analysis. Results: 211 patients were included, 112 in WA and 99 in ICU. Dyspnea persisted in 64.7% in the WA and 66.7% in the ICU group after 6 months. Lung function measures showed significant improvement between 45 days and 6 months, both in WA and ICU groups in VC, FVC, FEV1, total lung capacity, and 6MW distance measures. The improvement in the proportions of the altered functional parameters was significant in the ICU group for VC (44.2% 45 d; 20.8% 6 m; p = 0,014), FVC (47.6% 45 d; 28% 6 m; p = 0,003), FEV1 (45.1% 45 d; 28% 6 m; p = 0,044), DLCO (33.8% 45 d; 7.7% 6 m; p < 0,0001). Conclusion: Six months follow-up of patients with the severe forms of COVID-19 showed significant improvement in the lung function measures compared to 45 days post hospital discharge. The difference was more evident in those requiring ICU admission.

Ultrasound evaluation of schistosomiasis-related morbidity among the Xakriabá people in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil / Avaliação ultrassonográfica da morbidade por esquistossomose mansoni na população indígena Xakriabá, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Abstract Objective: To use ultrasound to investigate the morbidity related to schistosomiasis in the Xakriabá indigenous population. Materials and Methods: This was a field-based census study conducted in the territory of the Xakriabá people. A total of 166 individuals were invited, and 148 (≤ 77 years of age) agreed to participate. Most participants underwent abdominal ultrasound, physical examination, and stool examination. Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests were used for comparisons. We determined risk by calculating odds ratio (OR) and performed logistic regression analysis. Results: Schistosoma mansoni eggs were found in 31 (26.7%) of the 116 stool samples examined, 22 (70.9%) of the 31 being from individuals 4-16 years of age. The median count was 144 eggs/g of feces (interquartile range, 264). Of the 105 participants examined with ultrasound, 68 (64.8%) had hepatomegaly (left lobe), 6 (5.7%) had splenomegaly, and 4 (3.8%) had portal hypertension. Egg-positive stool samples were more common in those with an enlarged left lobe (OR = 3.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-11.2; p = 0.043). Periportal fibrosis was found in 30 participants (28.6%), of whom 9 (30%) had pattern C, 10 (33.3%) had pattern D, and 11 (36.7%) had pattern Dc. Age was the only independent risk factor for fibrosis (p = 0.007). Fibrosis was up to nine-fold more common in alcohol drinkers than in nondrinkers (OR = 9.28; 95% CI: 2.60-33.06; p < 0.001). Among the 138 participants in whom the clinical form was classified, the chronic hepatic form was identified in 54 (39.1%), of whom 32 (59.2%) were under 30 years of age and one (1.8%) was hepatosplenic. Conclusion: Schistosomiasis in the Xakriabá population is characterized by a high frequency of egg-positive stool samples, predominantly in children/adolescents, and by chronic hepatic form in the young, especially among alcohol drinkers.

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar a morbidade por esquistossomose na população indígena Xakriabá usando a ultrassonografia. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo de campo censitário realizado na terra da população indígena Xakriabá (166 convidados; 148 participantes; idade de 0-77). Foram feitos ultrassonografia abdominal, exame físico e coproscopia (EPF). Os testes Mann-Whitney U e qui-quadrado foram usados para comparações. Foram realizadas análise de risco (odds ratio - OR) e regressão logística. Resultados: De 116 índios com resultado de EPF, 31 (26,7%) tiveram ovos de Schistosoma; 22/31 (70,9%) tinham idade entre 4-16 anos. A carga parasitaria mediana foi 144 ovos/g (intervalo interquartílico: 264). De 105 examinados por ultrassom, 68 (64,8%) tiveram lobo hepático esquerdo aumentado, 6 (5,7%) tiveram esplenomegalia e 4 (3,8%) tiveram hipertensão portal. EPF+ foi mais frequente nos indivíduos com lobo esquerdo aumentado (OR: 3,4; intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%: 1,1-11,2; p = 0,043). Fibrose periportal ocorreu em 30/105 (28,6%) examinados, e desses 30, 9 (30%) apresentavam padrão C, 10 (33,3%) apresentavam padrão D e 11 (36,7%) apresentavam padrão Dc. A idade foi o único fator de risco independente para fibrose (p = 0,007). A fibrose ocorreu até nove vezes mais em usuários de álcool que em não usuários (OR: 9,28; IC 95%: 2,60-33,06; p < 0,001). Formas crônicas ocorreram em 54/138 (39,1%) participantes, sendo 32 dos 54 (64,8%) em menores de 30 anos; um (1,8%) era hepatoesplênico. Conclusão: A esquistossomose na população Xakriabá caracteriza-se por alta positividade, predomínio em crianças e presença de formas hepáticas crônicas em jovens, especialmente entre usuários de álcool.

Fatores associados ao não uso de preservativo e prevalência de HIV, hepatites virais B e C e sífilis: estudo transversal em comunidades rurais de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, entre 2014 e 2016 / Factores asociados al hábito de no uso del preservativo y prevalencia del VIH, hepatitis virales B y C y sífilis: estudio transversal en comunidades rurales de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2014-2016 / Factors associated with non-use of condoms and prevalence of HIV, viral hepatitis B and C and syphilis: a cross-sectional study in rural communities in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2014-2016

Objetivo: analisar os fatores sociodemográficos relacionados ao não uso do preservativo nas relações sexuais e a prevalência de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) em comunidades rurais de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre 2014 e 2016. Métodos: foram coletados dados de entrevista individual e realizados testes rápidos; as associações foram testadas pelo modelo de regressão de Poisson, com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: foram detectados 3,8 casos/10 mil habitantes de hepatite B e sífilis, e 1,3/10 mil hab. de hepatite C; não foram detectados casos de HIV; na análise multivariada, foram encontradas maiores prevalências de não uso de preservativos entre indivíduos casados/em união estável/viúvos (RP=1,20 - IC95% 1,06;1,36). Conclusão: o grupo com maior prevalência de não uso de preservativo é o de pessoas com relacionamento fixo; novos casos de sífilis e de hepatites virais foram detectados pelo teste rápido, aplicado no inquérito.

Objetivo: investigar el perfil sociodemográfico asociado al no uso del preservativo en las relaciones sexuales y describir la prevalencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en comunidades rurales de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre 2014 y 2016. Métodos: se recolectaron datos en entrevista individual y se realizaron pruebas rápidas; las asociaciones fueron analizadas por la regresión de Poisson, con intervalo de confianza de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: se detectaron 3,8 casos/10 mil habitantes de hepatitis B y sífilis, y 1,3/10 mil habitantes de hepatitis C; no se detectaron casos de VIH; el análisis multivariado mostró mayor prevalencia de no uso del preservativo para personas casadas /en unión estable/viudos (RP=1,20 - IC95% 1,06;1,36). Conclusión: se detectaron nuevos casos de sífilis y hepatitis virales por las pruebas rápidas en esta investigación; el grupo de mayor riesgo de no usar preservativo fue de personas casadas/con relación fija.

Objective: to investigate socio-demographic factors associated with non-use of condoms, and to describe the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in rural communities of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2014 to 2016. Methods: data were gathered from individual interviews and rapid tests were performed; associations were tested using Poisson regression, with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results: we detected 3.8 cases/10,000 inhabitants for hepatitis B and syphilis, and 1.3 cases/10,000 inhabitants for hepatitis C; no HIV cases were detected; in the multivariate analysis we found higher prevalence rates of condom non-use among the group of individuals who were married, had common law partners or were widowed (PR=1.20 - 95%CI 1.06;1.36). Conclusion: individuals in a stable relationship formed the group with the highest prevalence rate of condom non-use; new syphilis and viral hepatitis cases were detected using rapid tests during the survey.

Morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni in a low endemic setting in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Despite the advances of disease control programs, severe forms of schistosomiasis are prevalent. The prevalence of the disease in areas frequented by tourists urges for permanent prevention and control. The aim of this study was to describe the morbidity of schistosomiasis in the district of Antônio Pereira, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: The proportion of positives was defined by Kato-Katz coproscopy and urinary POC-CCA rapid test. Hepatosplenic form was diagnosed using abdominal ultrasound. RESULTS: Out of 180 participants,97 were examined by Kato-Katz, with 4 (4.1%) being positive. Thirty-four (22.1%) out of 154 were positive by POC-CCA. Five (2.8%) of 177 examined by ultrasound had hepatosplenic form. One of them had undergone splenectomy. One (0.6%)participant had myeloradiculopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Severe forms of schistosomiasis are still prevalent in low endemic areas and should be thoroughly investigated.

A comparative study of the TF-Test®, Kato-Katz, Hoffman-Pons-Janer, Willis and Baermann-Moraes coprologic methods for the detection of human parasitosis

This study compares the diagnostic accuracy of the TF-Test® (TFT) for human parasitosis with results obtained using the traditional Kato-Katz (KK), Hoffman-Pons-Janer (HPJ), Willis and Baermann-Moraes (BM) techniques. Overall, four stool samples were taken from each individual; three alternate-day TFT stool samples and another sample that was collected in a universal container. Stool samples were taken from 331 inhabitants of the community of Quilombola Santa Cruz. The gold standard (GS) for protozoa detection was defined as the combined results for TFT, HPJ and Willis coproscopic techniques; for helminth detection, GS was defined as the combined results for all five coproscopic techniques (TFT, KK, HPJ, Willis and BM). The positivity rate of each method was compared using the McNemar test. While the TFT exhibited similar positivity rates to the GS for Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (82.4 percent) and Giardia duodenalis (90 percent), HPJ and Willis techniques exhibited significantly lower positivity rates for these protozoa. All tests exhibited significantly lower positivity rates compared with GS for the diagnosis of helminths. The KK technique had the highest positivity rate for diagnosing Schistosoma mansoni (74.6 percent), while the TFT had the highest positivity rates for Ascaris lumbricoides (58.1 percent) and hookworm (75 percent); HPJ technique had the highest positivity rate for Strongyloides stercoralis (50 percent). Although a combination of tests is the most accurate method for the diagnosis of enteral parasites, the TFT reliably estimates the prevalence of protozoa and selected helminths, such as A. lumbricoides and hookworm. Further studies are needed to evaluate the detection accuracy of the TFT in samples with varying numbers of parasites.

Serum hyaluronan and collagen IV as non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis in patients from an endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni: a field-based study in Brazil

Non-invasive markers of fibrosis have been used to diagnose liver fibrosis in a variety of diseases. Hyaluronic acid (HA) and collagen IV (C-IV) levels were measured in the sera of patients from an endemic area for schistosomiasis in Brazil to diagnose and to rank the intensity of liver fibrosis. Seventy-nine adult patients with schistosomiasis, in the age range of 21-82 years (49 ± 13.4) were submitted to clinical and ultrasonographic examinations. Ultrasound was employed to diagnose and categorise liver fibrosis according to World Health Organization patterns. Serum HA and C-IV levels were measured using commercial ELISA kits. Ultrasound revealed six patients with intense liver fibrosis, 21 with moderate, 23 with light and 29 without. Serum HA was able to separate individuals with fibrosis from those without (p < 0.001) and light from intense fibrosis (p = 0.029), but C-IV was not (p = 0.692). The HA diagnostic accuracy for fibrosis was 0.89. The 115.4 ng/mL cut-off level diagnosed patients with fibrosis (sensitivity 0.98, specificity 0.64). HA correlated positively with portal hypertension. Periportal fibrosis (subjective evaluation), age and collateral circulation predicted HA increase. In conclusion, we propose that serum HA can be used to identify patients with liver fibrosis in an endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil.

Aspectos ultrassonográficos e hemodinâmicos da esquistossomose mansônica: avaliação pela ultrassonografia Doppler em áreas endêmicas / Sonographic and hemodynamic findings of schistosomiasis mansoni: doppler sonography assessment in endemic areas

OBJETIVO: Este estudo de campo objetivou identificar as alterações ultrassonográficas e hemodinâmicas indicativas da morbidade da esquistossomose mansônica em áreas endêmicas. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram examinados pela ultrassonografia Doppler 554 pacientes esquistossomóticos em três áreas com níveis distintos de endemicidade: baixa endemicidade (n = 109); média endemicidade (n = 255) e alta endemicidade (n = 190). Para o estudo ultrassonográfico foi utilizado o protocolo da Organização Mundial da Saúde (Niamey Working Group, 2000). Pelo Doppler foram avaliados: vasos portais, artérias hepática e esplênica, veias hepáticas e vasos colaterais. RESULTADOS: Houve correlação significativa entre a frequência das alterações ultrassonográficas e o nível de endemicidade das áreas, exceto a hipertrofia do lobo esquerdo. As veias hepáticas apresentaram padrão de fluxo alterado em 23,7 por cento dos casos, alteração esta relacionada à presença e à intensidade de espessamento periportal. A artéria hepática não apresentou alterações nos parâmetros avaliados. Os vasos colaterais foram identificados apenas na área de alta endemicidade. A artéria esplênica apresentou alterações (aumento do calibre, da velocidade e do índice de resistência) mais frequentes na área de alta endemicidade, com diferença significativa entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A ultrassonografia Doppler mostrou-se ferramenta auxiliar importante no estudo da morbidade relacionada à esquistossomose mansônica, contribuindo para definição mais precisa do perfil da doença nas áreas endêmicas.

OBJECTIVE: The present field research was aimed at identifying sonographic and hemodynamic findings indicative of the presence of schistosomiasis mansoni in endemic areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Doppler sonography was performed in 554 patients with schistosomiasis in three areas with different endemicity levels: low (n = 109), medium (n = 255) and high endemicity (n = 190). The World Health Organization (Niamey Working Group, 2000) protocol was adopted for sonographic evaluation. Doppler study included portal vessels, hepatic and splenic arteries, hepatic veins and collateral vessels. RESULTS: A significant correlation was observed between the frequency of sonographic findings, except for left lobe hypertrophy, and the areas endemicity levels. Altered hepatic veins flow pattern was observed in 23.7 percent of cases, such abnormality being related to the presence and intensity of periportal thickening. Hepatic arteries did not present any alteration as related to the evaluated parameters. Collateral vessels were identified only in the patients from the high-endemicity area. The splenic artery presented alterations (increase in caliber, flow velocity and resistive index), most frequently in the high-endemicity area, with significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: Doppler sonography has shown to be a relevant auxiliary tool in the study of the morbidity related to schistosomiasis mansoni, contributing for a more accurate description of the disease profile in endemic areas.

Comparison between clinical and ultrasonographic findings in cases of periportal fibrosis in an endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil / Comparação entre achados clínicos e ultrassonográficos no diagnóstico da fibrose periportal em uma área endêmica de esquistossomose no Brasil

INTRODUCTION: Abdominal palpation and ultrasound findings among patients from an endemic area for schistosomiasis in Brazil who had been followed up for 27 years were compared. METHODS: In 2004, 411 patients from Brejo do Espírito Santo, in the State of Bahia, were selected for the present investigation after giving their written informed consent. Based on clinical data, they were divided into three groups: 41 patients with evidence of liver fibrosis in 2004 (Group 1); 102 patients with evidence of liver fibrosis in the past (1976-1989) but not in 2004 (Group 2); and 268 patients without evidence of liver fibrosis at any time during the 27-year follow-up (Group 3). All of the patients underwent abdominal ultrasound in which the examiner did not know the result from the clinical examination. The data were stored in a database. RESULTS: The prevalence of periportal fibrosis on ultrasound was 82.9 percent, 56.9 percent and 13.4 percent in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In the presence of hard, nodular liver or prominent left lobe and a hard palpable spleen, ultrasound revealed periportal fibrosis in 70.9 percent. However, periportal fibrosis was diagnosed using ultrasound in 25.4 percent of the patients in the absence of clinical evidence of liver involvement. Thus, ultrasound diagnosed periportal fibrosis 3.1 times more frequently than clinical examination did. CONCLUSIONS: Although clinical examination is important in evaluating morbidity due to Manson's schistosomiasis in endemic areas, ultrasound is more accurate in diagnosing liver involvement and periportal fibrosis.

INTRODUÇÃO: Neste estudo, se comparou os achados da palpação abdominal e do ultrassom em pacientes de área endêmica de esquistossomose que foram acompanhados por 27 anos no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Em 2004, 411 pacientes de Brejo do Espírito Santo, no estado da Bahia, após consentimento informado e por escrito foram selecionados para o presente estudo. Baseando-se no exame clínico eles foram divididos em 3 grupos: 41 (Grupo 1) com evidência de fibrose hepática no ano de 2004; 102 (Grupo 2) com evidência de fibrose hepática no passado (1976-1989) mas não em 2004; e 268 (Grupo 3) sem evidência de fibrose hepática em 27 anos de seguimento. Todos foram submetidos a exame ultrassonográfico do abdome em que o examinador não sabia o resultado do exame clínico. Os dados foram armazenados em banco de dados. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de fibrose periportal ao ultrassom foi de 82,9 por cento, 56,9 por cento e 13,4 por cento nos Grupos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Na presença de fígado duro, nodular ou lobo esquerdo proeminente e baço palpável duro, o ultra-som revelou fibrose periportal em 70,9 por cento. Porém, fibrose periportal foi diagnosticada através do ultrassom em 25,4 por cento dos pacientes, na ausência de evidência clínica de envolvimento hepático. Assim, o ultrassom diagnosticou fibrose periportal 3,1 vezes mais frequentemente que o exame clínico. CONCLUSÕES: O exame clínico tem importância na avaliação da morbidade da esquistossomose mansônica em áreas endêmicas, mas o ultrassom mostra-se mais preciso quando se pretende diagnosticar o envolvimento hepático e a fibrose periportal.

Clinical versus ultrasound examination in the evaluation of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni in endemic areas

The best way to appraise the size of abdominal organs remains undefined. Herein we compare the size of liver and spleen in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis using clinical and ultrasound (US) examination, and the size of the organs measured by US with their visualization below the costal margin ("palpable by US"). For this study, 411 individuals from an endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil have been selected. We found that palpable spleens and left liver lobes are larger than non palpable ones. Also, 23 percent of normal spleens measured by US were palpable on clinical examination, and 22 percent of spleens increased in size on US were non palpable. A total of 21 percent of normal spleens were "palpable by US". We also found 54 percent of normal sized right liver lobes palpable on clinical examination, whilst 54 percent of the increased livers, measured by US, were non palpable. About 76 percent of normal right liver lobes were "palpable by US". We conclude that the association of clinical, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations, in the near future, should give the investigators the necessary tools to perform a more accurate clinical diagnosis of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni.

Perfil da demanda atendida em 1994 no ambulatório de doenças profissionais do hospital das clínicas da universidade federal de Minas Gerais / Pattern of the demand attended in 1994 at the ambulatório de doenças profissionais do hospital das clínicas da universidade federal de Minas Gerais

O Ambulatório de Doenças Profissionais do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (ADP) desenvolve ações que envolvem prestação de assistência médica, formação de recursos humanos, produção e divulgação de conhecimentos, promoção de atividades de extensão, integração inter-institucional e de vigilância em saúde do trabalhador. Buscando subsídios para o planejamento e avaliação destas ações, o ADP, em conjunto com outras instituições relacionadas à área, modelou um sistema de informação para atendimento ambulatorial em Saúde do Trabalhador, cuja fonte de informação foi a Ficha Resumo de Atendimento Ambulatorial em Saúde do Trabalhador (FIRAAST), preenchida após cada atendimento. A avaliação dos dados da FIRAAST referente às 510 primeiras consultas realizadas em 1994, permitiu traçar o perfil da demanda atendida naquele ano no ADP, quanto a sexo, idade, cor, procedência, escolaridade, renda, tipo de encaminhamento, tempo entre a solicitação e a realização da consulta, trabalho terceirizado, relação e situação atual de trabalho, carteira de trabalho assinada, sindicalização, emissão de CAT, ocupação, ramo de atividade e diagnóstico. Os dados encontrados sugerem que o perfil da demanda reflete mais o padrão de oferta do serviço do que a real necessidade da população trabalhadora.

The Ambulatório de Doenças Profissionais at Hospital das Clínicas at UFMG (ADP) develops actions that include medical assistance, personnel training, knowledge production and spread, extention activity promotion, integration between institutions and surveillance in occupational health. In search of subsidy for planning and assessment of these actions, the ADP together with other related institutions, created a data system for ambulatorial attending in occupacional health whose information sourse is the FIRAAST questionnaire (Ficha Resumo de Atendimento Ambulatorial em Saúde do Trabalhador), filled after each consultation. The assesment of the data obtained from FIRAAST related to the 510 first consultation questionnaires, filled in 1994, allowed the characterization of the demand attended that year at ADP, concerning sex, age, race, origin, school level, income, acess to consultation, time between the request and the consultation execution, hired service from others, current labour relation and situation, labour agreement signature, trade-unionism, legal communication of work accidents, occupation, activity line and diagnosis. The found data suggests that the pattern of the attended demand is far more a reflex of the service offer pattern than of the working population real need.